Needlestick injuries happen in hospitals, laboratories, dental clinics, pharmacies, and waste disposal settings. They happen during busy shifts when attention is divided and procedures are rushed. They happen to experienced clinicians as often as they happen to those just starting out.

The first question that follows is almost always the same: What if the patient has HIV?

The answer starts with one important fact.

A needlestick injury does not automatically mean HIV infection.

What determines the outcome is not the injury itself. It is the speed of the response that follows.

What to do in the first minutes.

Before anything else — before you report it, before you call anyone — wash the wound.

• Wash the injured area immediately with soap and running water.
• Allow the wound to bleed gently — do not squeeze aggressively, as this may increase absorption.
• Do not use bleach, disinfectant, or other harsh chemicals on the wound.
• If the exposure involved your eyes, rinse thoroughly with clean water or saline.
• If it involved your mouth, rinse thoroughly with water. Do not swallow.

The goal is basic decontamination — not aggressive scrubbing, which can damage tissue and potentially increase risk.

The steps to take after washing the wound.

1. Report the incident immediately

   Report to your supervisor, infection control unit, or occupational health department. Documentation protects you legally and ensures proper follow-up. Fear of blame or workplace culture around admitting injury should not delay this step — reporting is your right as a healthcare worker, and in most institutions it is also a formal requirement.
2. Assess the risk with a trained clinician

   Not every needlestick carries the same risk. A trained clinician will assess the exposure based on the type of injury, the source, and the patient’s known or likely HIV status. This assessment determines whether PEP is indicated.
3. Start PEP as soon as possible

   If the exposure is considered significant, PEP must be started within 72 hours. The earlier it begins, the more effective it is — ideally within the first few hours. Waiting until the following morning significantly reduces its effectiveness. If your facility cannot supply PEP quickly, contact Zivoko for same-day delivery.
4. Take a baseline HIV test

   Before starting PEP, an HIV test confirms your status before the exposure — not from it. Follow-up testing is done at 45 days and 3 months after the exposure for a conclusive result.
5. Complete the full 28-day course

   Take the medication every day at the same time without interruption. Do not stop early, even if you feel fine. Missing doses or stopping before day 28 significantly reduces PEP’s effectiveness. Most people tolerate the medication well — mild nausea, fatigue, or headache in the first few days typically eases quickly.

Why the hours immediately after exposure matter most.

After exposure, HIV immediately begins the process of attempting to replicate and integrate into the host’s cells. PEP works by interrupting this process before it becomes irreversible. This is why the window closes at 72 hours — not because PEP stops working chemically, but because the virus has progressed too far for medication to prevent established infection.

Not all needlestick exposures carry equal risk.

Risk stratification informs the urgency and duration of the PEP decision, but should always be made with a clinician. When in doubt, start PEP promptly and refine the assessment in parallel rather than delaying medication while gathering information.

Common questions about needlestick injuries and PEP.